NATIONAL GO BAREFOOT DAY
1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
1779 – Benedict Arnold, a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, is court-martialed on formal feasance.
1792 – Kentucky is admitted as the 15th state of the United States.
1792 – Kentucky is admitted as the 15th state of the United States.
1794 – The battle of the Glorious First of June is fought, the first naval engagement between Britain and France during the French Revolutionary Wars. The Glorious First of June demonstrated a number of the major problems inherent in the French and British navies at the start of the Revolutionary Wars. Both admirals were faced with disobedience from their captains, along with ill-discipline and poor training among their shorthanded crews, and they failed to control their fleets effectively during the height of the combat.
1796 – Tennessee is admitted as the 16th state of the United States.
1796 – Tennessee is admitted as the 16th state of the United States.
1812 – War of 1812: U.S. President James Madison asks the Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom. The formal proclamation is not signed until June 19.
1813 – James Lawrence, the mortally-wounded commander of the USS Chesapeake, gives his final order: "Don't give up the ship!" during the War of 1812.
1831 – British Naval Officer, Sir James Clark Ross, located the Magnetic North Pole on the Boothia Peninsula in the far north of Canada.
1861 – American Civil War: The Battle of Fairfax Court House ― The first land battle of the American Civil War after the Battle of Fort Sumter, producing the first Confederate combat casualty.
1862 – American Civil War: Peninsula Campaign ― The Battle of Seven Pines (or the Battle of Fair Oaks) ends inconclusively, with both sides claiming victory but neither side's accomplishment was impressive. George B. McClellan's advance on Richmond was halted and the Army of Northern Virginia fell back into the Richmond defensive works. Union casualties were 5,031 (790 killed, 3,594 wounded, 647 captured or missing) and Confederate 6,134 (980 killed, 4,749 wounded, 405 captured or missing). The battle was frequently remembered by the Union soldiers as the Battle of Fair Oaks Station because that is where they did their best fighting, whereas the Confederates, for the same reason, called it Seven Pines. Historian Stephen W. Sears remarked that its current common name, Seven Pines, is the most appropriate because it was at the crossroads of Seven Pines that the heaviest fighting and highest casualties occurred.
1890 – The United States Census Bureau begins using Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine to count census returns.
1916 – Louis Brandeis becomes the first Jew appointed to the United States Supreme Court. Although a Republican, Brandeis was a progressive and disfavored monopolies, big corporations and mass consumerism. On January 28, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson surprised the nation by nominating Brandeis to become a member of the U.S. Supreme Court. However, his nomination was bitterly contested and denounced by conservative Republicans, including former president William Howard Taft, whose credibility was damaged by Brandeis in early court battles, where he called Taft a "muckraker." Further opposition came from members of the legal profession, including former Attorney General George W. Wickersham and former presidents of the American Bar Association, such as ex-Senator and Secretary of State Elihu Root of New York, who claimed Brandeis was "unfit" to serve on the Supreme Court.
1918 – World War I, Western Front: Battle for Belleau Wood ― Allied Forces under John J. Pershing and James Harbordengage Imperial German Forces under Wilhelm, German Crown Prince. United States forces suffered 9,777 casualties, included 1,811 killed. Many are buried in the nearby Aisne-Marne American Cemetery. There is no clear information on the number of German soldiers killed, although 1,600 were taken prisoner.
1946 – Romanian Nazi, Ion Victor Antonescu, "Conducator" (leader) of Romania during World War II, is executed. An atypical figure among Holocaust perpetrators, Antonescu enforced policies independently responsible for the deaths of as many as 400,000 people, most of them Bessarabian, Ukrainianand Romanian Jews, as well as Romanian Romani. The regime's complicity in the Holocaustcombined pogroms and mass murders such as the Odessa massacre with ethnic cleansing, systematic deportations to occupied Transnistria and widespread criminal negligence.
1962 – Nazi Adolf Eichmann is hanged in Israel. Eichmann was charged by SS-Obergruppenführer (general/lieutenant general) Reinhard Heydrich with facilitating and managing the logistics of mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps in German-occupied Eastern Europe during World War II. After a 14-year man-hunt, he was captured in Argentina by Mossad, Israel's intelligence service in 1960. Following a widely publicized trial in Israel, he was found guilty of war crimes and hanged in 1962.
1980 – Cable News Network (CNN) begins broadcasting.
1990 – George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production, the 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord. The bilateral agreement required the destruction to begin before 1993 and to reduce Chemical weapon (CW) stockpiles to no more than 5,000 agent tons each by December 31, 2002. It also required both sides to halt CW production upon entry into force of the accord.
2001 – Nepalese royal massacre: Crown Prince Dipendra of Nepal shoots and kills several members of his family including his father and mother, King Birendra of Nepal and Queen Aiswarya.
2003 – The People's Republic of China begins filling the reservoir behind the Three Gorges Dam. It is a hydroelectric dam that spans theYangtze River by the town of Sandouping, located in Yiling District,Yichang, Hubei province, China. The Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity (22,500 MW). As well as producing electricity, the dam is intended to increase the Yangtze River's shipping capacity and reduce the potential for floods downstream by providing flood storage space.
2009 – Air France Flight 447 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Brazil on a flight from Rio de Janeiro to Paris. All 228 passengers and crew are killed.
2009 – General Motors files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. It is the fourth largest United States bankruptcy in history.
2009 – General Motors files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. It is the fourth largest United States bankruptcy in history.
2015 – A ship carrying 458 people capsizes on Yangtze River in China's Hubei province, killing 400 people.
BORN TODAY
1801 – Brigham Young, American religious leader, 2nd President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1877)
1917 – William Standish Knowles, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)
1801 – Brigham Young, American religious leader, 2nd President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1877)
1917 – William Standish Knowles, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)
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