NATIONAL APPLE STRUDEL DAY
1397 ― The Kalmar Union is established between Denmark, Sweden and Norway (including Iceland, Greeland, the Faroe Islands and the Northern Isles). It was a personal union that joined under a single monarch of the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden (then including Finland), and Norway, together with Norway's overseas dependencies (then including Iceland,Greenland, the Faroe Islands and the Northern Isles). The Union was not quite continuous; there were several short interruptions. Legally the countries remained separate sovereign states, but with their domestic and foreign policies being directed by a common monarch.
1462 ― Vlad III Dracula,Vlad the Impaler, attempts to assassinate Mehmed II (The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat from Wallachia. The 1450s were marked by the conflict between the rival houses of Dănești and Drăculești, the influence of John Hunyadi, Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary, and, after the neutral reign of Vladislav II, by the rise of Vlad III Dracula, better known as Vlad the Impaler. Vlad, during whose rule Bucharest was first mentioned as a princely residence, exercised terror on rebellious boyars, cut off all links with the Ottomans, and, in 1462, defeated Mehmed II's offensive during The Night Attack before being forced to retreat to Târgoviște and accepting to pay an increased tribute. His parallel conflicts with his Muslim brother Radu III the Fair and Laiotă Basarab led to the conquest of Wallachia by Radu III who would rule it for 11 years until his death.
1579 ― Sir Francis Drake lands on coast of California at Drakes Bay, names it "New Albion", claiming it for England.
1631 ― Mumtaz Mahal dies during childbirth. Her husband, Mughal emperor Shah Jahan I, then spends more than 20 years building her mausoleum, the Taj Mahal. The tomb is the centrerpiece of a 42-acre complex, which includes a mosque and a guest house, and is set in formal gardens bounded on three sides by a crenelated wall. The Taj Mahal complex is believed to have been completed in its entirety in 1653 at a cost estimated at the time to be around 32 million rupees, which in 2015 would be approximately 52.8 billion rupees (US$827 million). The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by the court architect to the emperor, Ustad Ahmad Lahauri.
1775 ― The Battle of Bunker Hill begins in the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown, Boston, which was peripherally involved in the battle, and was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops, though the vast majority of combat took place on the adjacent Breed's Hill. Though the battle was a tactical victory for the British, it was a sobering experience for them, involving many more casualties than the Americans had incurred, resulting in more cautious planning and maneuver execution in future engagements, especially in the subsequent New York and New Jersey campaign, which arguably helped, rather than hindered the American forces, by allowing them to slip away when they could have been decisively defeated. The costly engagement also convinced the British of the need to hire substantial numbers of foreign mercenaries to bolster their strength in America.
1855 ― Heavy French/British bombing of Sebastopol, Crimea kills over 2,000 during the Crimean War. The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs.[12](Preface) The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war quickly became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. The reaction in the UK was a demand for professionalization, most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while treating the wounded.
1856 ― The Republican Party opens its first national convention, in Philadelphia.
1894 ― The first United States poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis) epidemic breaks out in Rutland, Vermont. ― From rutlandhistory.com
1915 ― The League to Enforce Peace is organised at Independence Hall in Philadelphia with William Howard Taft as president; its program anticipates the League of Nations. With the formation of the League of Nations in 1919 the LEP changed focus slightly to raise grass roots American support for the League of Nations. For example, in November 1920 it analyzed the annual budgets of the League of Nations to demonstrate that participation in the League of Nations in the coming year would cost the United States "exactly one-tenth of one percent of what we spent on armaments during a single year before the war, while it would amount to something like two-thousandth of one per cent of what the direct cost of our belligerency reached in 1918."
1916 ― US troops under General John Pershing march into Mexico in the Mexican-American War. It followed in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory, despite the 1836 Texas Revolution. In the immediate aftermath of the war, some prominent Mexicans wrote that the war that resulted in "the state of degradation and ruin" in Mexico, and saw for "the true origin of the war, it is sufficient to say that the insatiable ambition of the United States, favored by our weakness, caused it." The shift in the Mexico-U.S. border left many Mexican citizens separated from their national government. For the indigenous peoples who had never accepted Mexican rule, the change in border meant conflicts with a new outside power.
1928 ― American aviator, Amelia Earhart, leaves Newfoundland to become the first woman (passenger) to fly the Atlantic (as a passenger in a plane piloted by Wilmer Stultz). She then became the first woman to fly the Atlantic solo. and received the U.S. Distinguished Flying Cross for this record. She set many other records, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines, an organization for female pilots. Earhart joined the faculty of the Purdue University aviation department in 1935 as a visiting faculty member to counsel women on careers and help inspire others with her love for aviation. She was also a member of the National Woman's Party, and an early supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment.
During an attempt to make a circumnavigational flight of the globe in 1937 in a Purdue-funded Lockheed Model 10 Electra, Earhart disappeared over the central Pacific Ocean near Howland Island. Fascination with her life, career and disappearance continues to this day.
1856 ― The Republican Party opens its first national convention, in Philadelphia.
1863 ― The naval engagement at Warsaw Sound, GA takes place during the Civil War. The USS Weehawken battles the CSS Atlanta.
1876 ― Sioux and Cheyenne Indians score a tactical victory over General Crook’s forces at the Battle of the Rosebud, foreshadowing the disaster of the Battle of Little Big Horn eight days later.
1885 ― The Statue of Liberty arrived in NYC aboard French ship 'Isere'. Also known as Liberty Enlightening the World, the copper statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, a French sculptor, and dedicated on October 28, 1886, was a gift to the United States from the people of France. The statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States, and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad.
1915 ― The League to Enforce Peace is organised at Independence Hall in Philadelphia with William Howard Taft as president; its program anticipates the League of Nations. With the formation of the League of Nations in 1919 the LEP changed focus slightly to raise grass roots American support for the League of Nations. For example, in November 1920 it analyzed the annual budgets of the League of Nations to demonstrate that participation in the League of Nations in the coming year would cost the United States "exactly one-tenth of one percent of what we spent on armaments during a single year before the war, while it would amount to something like two-thousandth of one per cent of what the direct cost of our belligerency reached in 1918."
1916 ― US troops under General John Pershing march into Mexico in the Mexican-American War. It followed in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory, despite the 1836 Texas Revolution. In the immediate aftermath of the war, some prominent Mexicans wrote that the war that resulted in "the state of degradation and ruin" in Mexico, and saw for "the true origin of the war, it is sufficient to say that the insatiable ambition of the United States, favored by our weakness, caused it." The shift in the Mexico-U.S. border left many Mexican citizens separated from their national government. For the indigenous peoples who had never accepted Mexican rule, the change in border meant conflicts with a new outside power.
1928 ― American aviator, Amelia Earhart, leaves Newfoundland to become the first woman (passenger) to fly the Atlantic (as a passenger in a plane piloted by Wilmer Stultz). She then became the first woman to fly the Atlantic solo. and received the U.S. Distinguished Flying Cross for this record. She set many other records, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines, an organization for female pilots. Earhart joined the faculty of the Purdue University aviation department in 1935 as a visiting faculty member to counsel women on careers and help inspire others with her love for aviation. She was also a member of the National Woman's Party, and an early supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment.
During an attempt to make a circumnavigational flight of the globe in 1937 in a Purdue-funded Lockheed Model 10 Electra, Earhart disappeared over the central Pacific Ocean near Howland Island. Fascination with her life, career and disappearance continues to this day.
1938 ― Japan declares war on China beginning the (Second) Sino-Japanese War, a prelude to WWII in the Pacific. The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist policy aimed at expanding its influence politically and militarily in order to secure access to raw material reserves and other economic resources in the area, particularly food and labour, and engage war with others in the policy context of aggressive modernized militarism in the Asia-Pacific.
1940 ― With Paris fallen and the German conquest of France reaching its conclusion, Marshal Henri Petain replaces Paul Reynaud as prime minister and announces his intention to sign an armistice with the Nazis.
1953 ― Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas stays the executions of convicted spies Julius and Ethel Rosenberg scheduled for next day, their 14th anniversary.
1963 ― The U.S. Supreme Court rules against Bible reading and prayer in public schools (Abbington School District v. Schempp).
1967 ― China explodes its first thermonuclear (hydrogen) bomb, only 32 months after detonating its first fission bomb.
1972 ― Five White House "Plumbers" are apprehended after second burglary of Democratic National HQ, the Watergate Hotel, in Washington, DC.
1974 ― The Provisional Irish Republican Army bombs the Houses of Parliament in London, injuring 11 people and causing extensive damage.
1986 ― Chief Justice Warren Earl Burger resigns and Antonin Scalia is nominated by President Ronald Reagan to fill the court vacancy.
1991 ― South Africa abolishes the last of its apartheid laws.
1994 ― Hall of Fame football player, O.J. Simpson, doesn't turn himself in on murder charges, LA cops chase his Ford Bronco for 1½ hours, eventually gives up (seen live on TV).
2008 ― The first day of legal same-sex marriage in California.
1940 ― With Paris fallen and the German conquest of France reaching its conclusion, Marshal Henri Petain replaces Paul Reynaud as prime minister and announces his intention to sign an armistice with the Nazis.
1953 ― Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas stays the executions of convicted spies Julius and Ethel Rosenberg scheduled for next day, their 14th anniversary.
1963 ― The U.S. Supreme Court rules against Bible reading and prayer in public schools (Abbington School District v. Schempp).
1967 ― China explodes its first thermonuclear (hydrogen) bomb, only 32 months after detonating its first fission bomb.
1972 ― Five White House "Plumbers" are apprehended after second burglary of Democratic National HQ, the Watergate Hotel, in Washington, DC.
1974 ― The Provisional Irish Republican Army bombs the Houses of Parliament in London, injuring 11 people and causing extensive damage.
1986 ― Chief Justice Warren Earl Burger resigns and Antonin Scalia is nominated by President Ronald Reagan to fill the court vacancy.
1991 ― South Africa abolishes the last of its apartheid laws.
1994 ― Hall of Fame football player, O.J. Simpson, doesn't turn himself in on murder charges, LA cops chase his Ford Bronco for 1½ hours, eventually gives up (seen live on TV).
2008 ― The first day of legal same-sex marriage in California.
BORN TODAY
1691 – Giovanni Paolo Panini, Italian painter and architect (d. 1765)
1832 – William Crookes, English chemist and physicist (d. 1919)
1865 – Susan La Flesche Picotte, Native American physician (d. 1915)
1882 – Igor Stravinsky, Russian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1971)
1898 – M. C. Escher, Dutch illustrator (d. 1972)
1903 – Ruth Graves Wakefield, American chef, created the chocolate chip cookie (d. 1977)
1942 – Mohamed ElBaradei, Egyptian politician, Vice President of Egypt, Nobel Prize laureate
1691 – Giovanni Paolo Panini, Italian painter and architect (d. 1765)
1832 – William Crookes, English chemist and physicist (d. 1919)
1865 – Susan La Flesche Picotte, Native American physician (d. 1915)
1882 – Igor Stravinsky, Russian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1971)
1898 – M. C. Escher, Dutch illustrator (d. 1972)
1903 – Ruth Graves Wakefield, American chef, created the chocolate chip cookie (d. 1977)
1942 – Mohamed ElBaradei, Egyptian politician, Vice President of Egypt, Nobel Prize laureate
From Wikipedia and Google (images), ex as noted.
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