NATIONAL FUDGE DAY
1567 ― Mary, Queen of Scots, sister of England's Elizabeth I, is imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle prison, on an island in the middle of Loch Leven, in Scotland.
1832 ― Battle of Kellogg's Grove, fought during the Black Hawk War in Illinois. The Sauk's were led by Black Hawk. The war erupted soon after Black Hawk and a group of Sauks, Meskwakis, and Kickapoos, known as the "British Band", crossed the Mississippi River, into the U.S. state of Illinois, from Iowa Indian Territory in April 1832. Black Hawk's motives were ambiguous, but he was apparently hoping to avoid bloodshed while resettling on tribal land that had been ceded to the United States in the disputed 1804 Treaty of St. Louis.
1864 ― Union General Ulysses S. Grant begins the siege of Petersburg, VA during the Civil War. It was not a classic military siege, in which a city is usually surrounded and all supply lines are cut off, nor was it strictly limited to actions against Petersburg. The campaign consisted of nine months of trench warfare in which Union forces commanded by Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant assaulted Petersburg unsuccessfully and then constructed trench lines that eventually extended over 30 miles (48 km) from the eastern outskirts of Richmond, Virginia, to around the eastern and southern outskirts of Petersburg. Petersburg was crucial to the supply of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's army and the Confederate capital of Richmond. Numerous raids were conducted and battles fought in attempts to cut off the railroad supply lines through Petersburg to Richmond, and many of these caused the lengthening of the trench lines, overloading dwindling Confederate resources. Lee finally gave in to the pressure and abandoned both cities in April 1865, leading to his retreat and surrender at Appomattox Court House. The Siege of Petersburg foreshadowed the trench warfare that was common in World War I, earning it a prominent position in military history. It also featured the war's largest concentration of African American troops, who suffered heavy casualties at such engagements as the Battle of the Crater and Chaffin's Farm.
1884 ― The first roller coaster opens at Coney Island Amusement Park in Brooklyn, NY.
1893 ― R.W. Rueckheim invents Cracker Jack.
1896 ― As daylight breaks, survivors of a tsunami in Japan find that more than 20,000 of their friends and family have perished overnight.
1900 ― In China, a fire is set by Boxers, virtually destroying the Western Quarter of Peking (Beijing) and spreading to engulf many Chinese landmarks.
1903 ― The Ford Motor Company is incorporated under under Henry Ford. The largest family-controlled company in the world, the Ford Motor Company has been in continuous family control for over 110 years. Ford now encompasses two brands: Ford and Lincoln. Ford once owned 5 other luxury brands: Volvo, Land Rover, Jaguar, Aston Martin and Mercury. Over time, those brands were sold to other companies and Mercury was discontinued. The Ford Taurus is one of Ford's best-selling models. In its 21-year lifespan, it sold 7,000,000 units. It is the 4th best-selling car in Ford's history, behind only the F-150, the Model T, and the Mustang.
1903 ― Roald Amundsen commences the first east-west navigation of the Northwest Passage by leaving Oslo, Norway. He planned a small expedition of six men in a 45-ton fishing vessel. During this time, Amundsen and the crew learned from the local Netsilik Inuit people about Arctic survival skills, which he found invaluable in his later expedition to the South Pole. For example, he learned to use sled dogs for transportation of goods and to wear animal skins in lieu of heavy, woolen parkas, which could not deter cold when wet. Leaving Gjoa Haven, he sailed west and passed Cambridge Bay, which had been reached from the west by Richard Collinson in 1852. Continuing to the south of Victoria Island, the ship cleared the Canadian Arctic Archipelago on 17 August 1905. It had to stop for the winter before going on to Nome on the Alaska District's Pacific coast. Five hundred miles (800 km) away, Eagle City, Alaska, had a telegraph station; Amundsen traveled there (and back) overland to wire a success message (collect) on 5 December 1905. His team reached Nome in 1906. Because the water along the route was sometimes as shallow as 3 ft (0.91 m), a larger ship could not have made the voyage
1933 ― The U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is created to protect depositors' funds.
1955 ― Pope Pius XII ex-communicates Argentine President Juan Perón.
1958 ― Imre Nagy, a former Hungarian premier and symbol of the nation’s 1956 uprising against Soviet rule, is hanged for treason by his country’s communist authorities.
1961 ― Rudolf Nureyev, the young star of the Soviet Union’s Kirov Opera Ballet Company, defects to the West during a stopover in Paris.
1963 ―Russian Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova is the first woman in space, aboard Vostok 6.
1965 ―Robert Allan Zimmerman, Bob Dylan, records "Like a Rolling Stone." His recording career, spanning more than 50 years, has explored the traditions in American song—from folk, blues, and country to gospel, rock and roll, and rockabilly to English, Scottish, and Irish folk music, embracing even jazz and the Great American Songbook.
1977 ― Leonid Brezhnev is named Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.
1979 ― Muslim Brotherhood members kill 62 sheiks in the Aleppo, Syria Artillery School.
1987 ― New York City subway gunman, Bernhard Hugo Getz, is acquitted on all but gun possession charges after shooting 4 black youths who tried to rob him.
1991 ― Boris Yeltsin is elected president of Russian SSR. He also became the first President of the Russian Federation (1991-1999). Originally a supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin emerged under the perestroika reforms as one of Gorbachev's most powerful political opponents. During the late 1980s, Yeltsin had been a member of the Politburo, and in late 1987 tendered a letter of resignation in protest. No one had resigned from the Politburo before. This act branded Yeltsin as a rebel and led to his rise in popularity as an anti-establishment figure.
1999 ― On this day in 1999, Sara Jane Olson (born, Kathleen Ann Soliah, a former member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), is arrested near her home in St. Paul, Minnesota. She went into hiding in 1976 after having been indicted in a bombing case. Because of her criminal activity he has lived much of her life under the alias Sara Jane Olson, which is now her legal name. Arrested in 1999, she pleaded guilty in 2001 to two counts of possessing explosives with intent to murder, and in 2003 to second-degree murder, both stemming from her SLA activities in the 1970s. She received a sentence of 14 years in prison.
2000 ― Israel complies with UN Security Council Resolution 425 after 22 years, which calls on Israel to completely withdraw from Lebanon. Israel withdraws from all of Lebanon, except the disputed Sheba Farms.
1893 ― R.W. Rueckheim invents Cracker Jack.
1896 ― As daylight breaks, survivors of a tsunami in Japan find that more than 20,000 of their friends and family have perished overnight.
1900 ― In China, a fire is set by Boxers, virtually destroying the Western Quarter of Peking (Beijing) and spreading to engulf many Chinese landmarks.
1903 ― The Ford Motor Company is incorporated under under Henry Ford. The largest family-controlled company in the world, the Ford Motor Company has been in continuous family control for over 110 years. Ford now encompasses two brands: Ford and Lincoln. Ford once owned 5 other luxury brands: Volvo, Land Rover, Jaguar, Aston Martin and Mercury. Over time, those brands were sold to other companies and Mercury was discontinued. The Ford Taurus is one of Ford's best-selling models. In its 21-year lifespan, it sold 7,000,000 units. It is the 4th best-selling car in Ford's history, behind only the F-150, the Model T, and the Mustang.
1903 ― Roald Amundsen commences the first east-west navigation of the Northwest Passage by leaving Oslo, Norway. He planned a small expedition of six men in a 45-ton fishing vessel. During this time, Amundsen and the crew learned from the local Netsilik Inuit people about Arctic survival skills, which he found invaluable in his later expedition to the South Pole. For example, he learned to use sled dogs for transportation of goods and to wear animal skins in lieu of heavy, woolen parkas, which could not deter cold when wet. Leaving Gjoa Haven, he sailed west and passed Cambridge Bay, which had been reached from the west by Richard Collinson in 1852. Continuing to the south of Victoria Island, the ship cleared the Canadian Arctic Archipelago on 17 August 1905. It had to stop for the winter before going on to Nome on the Alaska District's Pacific coast. Five hundred miles (800 km) away, Eagle City, Alaska, had a telegraph station; Amundsen traveled there (and back) overland to wire a success message (collect) on 5 December 1905. His team reached Nome in 1906. Because the water along the route was sometimes as shallow as 3 ft (0.91 m), a larger ship could not have made the voyage
1907 ― Tsar Nicolas II of Russia dissolves the Second Duma (parliament) and issues an edict that will increase representation of propertied classes while reducing that of peasants, workers and national minorities.
1917 ― The first All Russian Congress of the Soviets convenes in Petrograd, Russia. The Congress of Soviets was the supreme governing body of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917–22 and of the Soviet Union until 1936. The 1918 Constitution of the Russian SFSR mandated that Congress shall convene at least twice a year. The 1925 constitution lowered the minimum to once a year. The October Revolution ousted the provisional government, making the Congress of Soviets the sole, and supreme governing body.
1933 ― The U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is created to protect depositors' funds.
1935 ― The United States Congress accepts FDR's "New Deal". The New Deal was a series of programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933–1937) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians refer to as the "3 Rs," Relief, Recovery, and Reform: relief for the unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy to normal levels, and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.
1955 ― Pope Pius XII ex-communicates Argentine President Juan Perón.
1958 ― Imre Nagy, a former Hungarian premier and symbol of the nation’s 1956 uprising against Soviet rule, is hanged for treason by his country’s communist authorities.
1961 ― Rudolf Nureyev, the young star of the Soviet Union’s Kirov Opera Ballet Company, defects to the West during a stopover in Paris.
1963 ―Russian Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova is the first woman in space, aboard Vostok 6.
1965 ―Robert Allan Zimmerman, Bob Dylan, records "Like a Rolling Stone." His recording career, spanning more than 50 years, has explored the traditions in American song—from folk, blues, and country to gospel, rock and roll, and rockabilly to English, Scottish, and Irish folk music, embracing even jazz and the Great American Songbook.
1977 ― Leonid Brezhnev is named Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.
1979 ― Muslim Brotherhood members kill 62 sheiks in the Aleppo, Syria Artillery School.
1987 ― New York City subway gunman, Bernhard Hugo Getz, is acquitted on all but gun possession charges after shooting 4 black youths who tried to rob him.
1991 ― Boris Yeltsin is elected president of Russian SSR. He also became the first President of the Russian Federation (1991-1999). Originally a supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin emerged under the perestroika reforms as one of Gorbachev's most powerful political opponents. During the late 1980s, Yeltsin had been a member of the Politburo, and in late 1987 tendered a letter of resignation in protest. No one had resigned from the Politburo before. This act branded Yeltsin as a rebel and led to his rise in popularity as an anti-establishment figure.
1999 ― On this day in 1999, Sara Jane Olson (born, Kathleen Ann Soliah, a former member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), is arrested near her home in St. Paul, Minnesota. She went into hiding in 1976 after having been indicted in a bombing case. Because of her criminal activity he has lived much of her life under the alias Sara Jane Olson, which is now her legal name. Arrested in 1999, she pleaded guilty in 2001 to two counts of possessing explosives with intent to murder, and in 2003 to second-degree murder, both stemming from her SLA activities in the 1970s. She received a sentence of 14 years in prison.
2000 ― Israel complies with UN Security Council Resolution 425 after 22 years, which calls on Israel to completely withdraw from Lebanon. Israel withdraws from all of Lebanon, except the disputed Sheba Farms.
BORN TODAY
1738 – Mary Katherine Goddard, American publisher (d. 1816)
1821 – Old Tom Morris, Scottish golfer and architect (d. 1908)
1829 – Geronimo, American tribal leader (d. 1909)
1902 – Barbara McClintock, American geneticist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1992)
1917 – Katharine Graham, American publisher (d. 2001)
1938 – Joyce Carol Oates, American novelist, short story writer, critic, and poet
1738 – Mary Katherine Goddard, American publisher (d. 1816)
1821 – Old Tom Morris, Scottish golfer and architect (d. 1908)
1829 – Geronimo, American tribal leader (d. 1909)
1902 – Barbara McClintock, American geneticist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1992)
1917 – Katharine Graham, American publisher (d. 2001)
1938 – Joyce Carol Oates, American novelist, short story writer, critic, and poet
From Wikipedia and Google (images), ex as noted.
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