NATIONAL CHOCOLATE WAFER DAY
324 – Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I (Eastern Roman Army) defeats Licinius (Gothic rebels (largely Thervings as well as Greutungs, non-Gothic Alans, and various local rebels), who flees to Byzantium.
1035 – William the Conqueror becomes the Duke of Normandy, reigns until 1087. He was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death. The descendant of Viking raiders, he had been Duke of Normandy since 1035. After a long struggle to establish his power, by 1060 his hold on Normandy was secure, and he launched the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental lands and by difficulties with his eldest son.
1754 – French and Indian War (the Seven Years War): George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity (near [resent day Uniontown, PA) to French forces.
1775 – American Revolutionary War: George Washington takes command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
1849 – The French enter Rome in order to restore Pope Pius IX to power. This would prove a major obstacle to Italian unification.
1863 – American Civil War: The final day of the Battle of Gettysburg (PA) culminates with Pickett's Charge. Robert E. Lee orders an infantry assault on Gen. George Meade's Union forced on Cemetery Ridge. Its futility was predicted by the charge's commander,Lt. Gen. James Longstreet, and it was arguably an avoidable mistake from which the Southern war effort never fully recovered militarily or psychologically. The farthest point reached by the attack has been referred to as the high-water mark of the Confederacy.
1884 – Dow Jones & Company publishes its first stock average.
1886 – The New-York Daily Tribune becomes the first newspaper to use a linotype machine, eliminating typesetting by hand. The paper is now the New York Tribune after merging with the New York Harald in 1924.
1884 – Dow Jones & Company publishes its first stock average.
1886 – The New-York Daily Tribune becomes the first newspaper to use a linotype machine, eliminating typesetting by hand. The paper is now the New York Tribune after merging with the New York Harald in 1924.
1898 – The Spanish–American War: The Spanish fleet, led by Pascual Cervera y Topete, is destroyed by the U.S. Navy in Santiago, Cuba. The battle was the end of any noteworthy Spanish naval presence in the New World. It forced Spain to re-assess its strategy in Cuba and resulted in an ever-tightening blockade of the island. While fighting continued until August, when the Treaty of Paris was signed, all surviving Spanish capital ships were now husbanded to defend their homeland leaving only isolated units of auxiliary vessels to defend the coast. Uncontested U.S. control of the seas around Cuba made resupply of the Spanish garrison impossible and its surrender inevitable.
1913 – Confederate veterans at the Great Reunion of 1913 reenact Pickett's Charge; upon reaching the high-water mark of the Confederacy they are met by the outstretched hands of friendship from Union survivors.
1938 – United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicates the Eternal Light Peace Memorial and lights the eternal flame at Gettysburg Battlefield.
1944 – World War II: Minsk is liberated from Nazi control by Soviet troops during Operation Bagration. Operation Bagration was the codename for the Soviet 1944 Belorussian Strategic Offensive Operation which cleared German forces from the Belorussian SSR and eastern Poland between 22 June and 19 August 1944. The operation was named after 18th–19th century GeorgianPrince Pyotr Bagration, general of the Imperial Russian Army who was mortally wounded at the Battle of Borodino.
1969 – Space Race: The biggest explosion in the history of rocketry occurs when the Soviet N-1 rocket explodes and subsequently destroys its launchpad.
1969 – Space Race: The biggest explosion in the history of rocketry occurs when the Soviet N-1 rocket explodes and subsequently destroys its launchpad.
1979 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs the first directive for secret aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul.
1996 – The Stone of Scone is returned to Scotland. The stone is an oblong block of red sandstonethat was used for centuries in the coronation of the monarchs of Scotland, and later the monarchs of England and the Kingdom of Great Britain.
2013 – Egyptian coup d'état: President of Egypt Mohamed Morsi (Muslim Brotherhood member) is overthrown by the military after four days of protests all over the country calling for Morsi's resignation, to which he didn't respond. President of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt Adly Mansour is declared acting president.
Today's Births
1932 – Richard Mellon Scaife, American businessman (d. 2014)
1937 – Tom Stoppard, Czech-English playwright and screenwriter
1940 – Fontella Bass, American singer-songwriter (d. 2012)
From Wikipedia and Google (images), ex as noted.
Today's Births
1886 – Raymond A. Spruance, American admiral (WWII) and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the Philippines (d. 1969)
1932 – Richard Mellon Scaife, American businessman (d. 2014)
1937 – Tom Stoppard, Czech-English playwright and screenwriter
1940 – Fontella Bass, American singer-songwriter (d. 2012)
From Wikipedia and Google (images), ex as noted.
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